BACKGROUND Eosinophils are granulocytes that rapidly increase frequency in the bloodstream during helminthic infections and allergic responses. They are found in tissue infected by Leishmania during early disease, but their role during infection is not entirely understood. OBJECTIVES We aim to compare the disease due to Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c and Δdbl-GATA1 mice, which lack eosinophils. METHODS BALB/c and Δdbl-GATA1 mice infected with L. amazonensis were observed for several weeks. The parasite load and dissemination pattern were assessed. FINDINGS The Δdbl-GATA1 mice developed an anticipated dissemination of L. amazonensis and a worsening disease. No differences were found in the lesion development or the parasite load in the footpad among Δdbl-GATA1 mice and BALB/c eight weeks after infection. However, nine weeks after infection, massive growth of metastatic lesions appeared in several parts of the skin in Δdbl-GATA1 mice, weeks earlier than BALB/c. We observed increased parasites in the bloodstream, probably an essential dissemination route. Thirteen weeks after infection, metastatic lesions were found in all Δdbl-GATA1 mice. MAIN CONCLUSION These results suggest a protective role of eosinophils in delaying the disease caused by L. amazonensis, although several limitations of this mice strain must be considered.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postoperative bleeding is one of the main causes of complications in cardiovascular surgery, which highlights the importance of ensuring adequate intraoperative hemostasis, providing a better patient outcome. This study aimed to improve the prevention of postoperative bleeding in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of the Hospital Estadual Mário Covas (Santo André, Brazil) using an adapted version of the Papworth Haemostasis Checklist to assess the impact of this standardization on bleeding rate, postoperative complications, reoperation, and mortality. Methods: This is a non-randomized controlled clinical trial, whose non-probabilistic sample consisted of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the abovementioned service within a two-year interval. The Papworth Haemostasis Checklist was adapted to the Brazilian laboratory parameters and the questions were translated into Portuguese. This checklist was used before the surgeon started the chest wall closure. Patients were followed up until 30 days after surgery. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically relevant. Results: This study included 200 patients. After the checklist, a reduction in 24-hour drain output, postoperative complications, and reoperation was observed, although statistical significance was not reached. Finally, there was a significant reduction in the number of deaths (8 vs. 2; P=0.05). Conclusion: The use of the adapted checklist in our hospital proved to be an effective intervention to improve the prevention of postoperative bleeding, with a direct impact in the number of deaths in the study period. The reduction in deaths was possible thanks to the reduction in the bleeding rate, postoperative complications, and reoperations for bleeding.

RESUMO Este artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar e comparar o impacto distributivo das faixas de imposto de renda sobre pessoa física na China e no Brasil estimando o Coeficiente de Gini antes e depois da aplicação desse imposto. O artigo também estabelece uma metodologia para transpor as faixas de imposto de renda entre esses dois países. Os resultados mostram que faixas mais progressivas realizadas pela China, com maior número de alíquotas e com taxa marginais mais elevadas, não garantem maior redução da desigualdade. Argumentamos que isso ocorre devido à alta faixa de isenção e às baixas alíquotas das primeiras faixas, que acabam reduzindo a taxa efetiva para a maioria da população chinesa, incluindo aqueles considerados ricos dentro da distribuição de renda desse país. Com isso, percebe-se que as alíquotas de IRPF desses dois países merecem revisões caso busquem cumprir melhor a sua função distributiva. elevadas desigualdade chinesa país percebese percebe se distributiva

ABSTRACT This paper aims to evaluate and compare the distributive impact of the personal income tax (PIT) on individual’s income in Brazil and China by measuring the Gini Index before and after this tax incidence. The paper also proposes a methodology for transposing the PIT backets from one country to another. The results show that a more progressive scheme implemented by China, with more brackets and higher rates, does not guarantee reduction of inequality, due to the level of income exemption and to the incomes on which the marginal rates affect. Thus, it can be perceived that the PIT brackets of these two countries deserves revisions if they seek to fulfill the distributive function. (PIT individuals individual s incidence another inequality affect Thus function

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma análise e interpretação teórica das reivindicações relacionadas a direitos relatadas pelos estudantes nas ocupações de escolas públicas no estado de São Paulo, em 2015. Primeiro, reconstruo o caso por meio de um recorte de entrevistas realizadas com os estudantes em que mencionam as suas experiências de desrespeito diante da proposta governamental de “reorganização escolar”. Em seguida, mobilizo elementos das concepções de teoria crítica de Axel Honneth e Robin Celikates que podem ser produtivos para interpretar experiências e práticas sociais concretas em contextos de lutas sociais. Por último, considerando as observações sobre a “esfera do direito” no livro Luta por reconhecimento, proponho uma interpretação teórica dos argumentos e reivindicações relacionadas aos direitos como consistindo em um recurso prático e medium compartilhado que permitiu que os protestos reverberassem por todo o estado e em outros setores sociais distantes dos estudantes.

Abstract This paper presents an analysis and theoretical interpretation of claims related to rights reported by students in the public-school occupations in the state of São Paulo, in 2015. First, I perform a reconstruction of the case drawing on a selection of interviews with students, in which they mention their experiences of disrespect in face of the government’s proposal of “school reorganization”. After that, I mobilize elements of Axel Honneth and Robin Celikates' conceptions of critical theory that can be productive for the interpretation of concrete social experiences and practices in contexts of social struggles. Finally, considering the observations on the “sphere of rights” in the book Struggle for Recognition, I propose a theoretical interpretation of the arguments and claims related to rights as consisting a practical resource and shared medium that allowed the protests to reverberate throughout the state and in other social sectors distant from students.

ABSTRACT In this unpublished work by Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, a key figure in the field of collective health, the relationship between epidemiology and medical practice is considered. The text is based on an inaugural lecture delivered on December 16, 1988 as part of a seminar called “Clinical epidemiology: possible scientific field or new medical ideology?” organized by the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Brazil. This manually transcribed version of the lecture was prepared, revised, and in many cases rewritten by Naomar de Almeida Filho and Jose Ricardo Ayres, who always sought to preserve the original meaning and colloquial tone that was characteristic of his lectures.

RESUMEN Se presenta un texto inédito de Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, referente del campo de la salud colectiva, en el que aborda la relación entre la epidemiología y la práctica médica. Se trata de la conferencia dictada el 16 de diciembre de 1988, en el marco de la apertura del seminario “Epidemiología clínica: ¿campo científico posible o nueva ideología médica?”, organizado por el Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Esta versión ha sido desgrabada y transcripta manualmente, revisada y, en muchos casos, reescrita por Naomar de Almeida Filho y Jose Ricardo Ayres, buscando siempre preservar el sentido original y el tono coloquial característico de sus conferencias.

RESUMO A têmpera em soluções poliméricas representa um avanço significativo nos tratamentos térmicos de diferentes classes de aços. A sua aplicação na solubilização de aços inoxidáveis endurecido por precipitação 17 4 PH, potencializa uma nova alternativa aos meios convencionais de resfriamento em água ou óleo. As soluções poliméricas geram nas superfícies dos aços um filme de elevada tensão superficial que elimina à formação da fase vapor gerando aumento na velocidade das etapas de ebulição e convecção. Desta forma, os intermetálicos originados apresentam maior homogeneidade para o posterior envelhecimento artificial. Neste estudo foram analisados os efeitos no comportamento dos aços inoxidáveis 17 4 PH solubilizados com resfriamento em água e soluções poliméricas de 10 e 25% polivinilpirolidona (PVP). Posteriormente as amostras receberam envelhecimento artificial na temperatura de 480°C. Verificou-se- o comportamento microestrutural, distribuição de microdurezas e características relacionadas à difração de raios X (DRX). Os resultados demostraram que a utilização solução polimérica de 10% contribuiu para a completa transformação martensítica na matriz, com valores maiores de microdureza, junto à superfície e distribuição homogênea de precipitados no processo de envelhecimento artificial. Conclui-se que a utilização de soluções poliméricas nos tratamentos térmicos de solubilização dos aços inoxidáveis 17 4 PH pode contribuir para melhora das suas propriedades metalúrgicas e mecânicas.

ABSTRACT The quenching in polymeric solutions represents a significant advance in the heat treatments of different classes of steels. Its application in the cooling, after the solubilization of stainless steels hardened by precipitation 17 4 PH, potentiates a new alternative to the conventional means of cooling in water or oil. The polymeric solutions form a film of high surface tension on the steel surfaces that eliminates the formation of the vapor phase, generating an increase in the kinetics of the boiling and convection stages. In this way, the generated intermetallics present greater homogeneity for subsequent artificial aging. In this study, the effects of quenching in water and in polymeric solutions of 10 and 25% in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of 17 4 PH stainless steels were analyzed. Subsequently, the samples were submitted to the heat treatment of artificial aging at a temperature of 480°C. The microstructural behavior, microhardness distribution and characteristics related to X ray diffraction (XRD) of the samples were analyzed. The results showed that the use of a 10% PVP polymer solution caused a complete martensitic transformation in the matrix, with higher microhardness values near the surface and homogeneous distribution of precipitates in the artificial aging process. It is concluded that the use of polymeric solutions in the tempering of 17 4 PH stainless steel can contribute to significant advances in their metallurgical and mechanical properties.

RESUMEN Se presenta un texto inédito de Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, referente del campo de la salud colectiva, en el que aborda la relación entre la epidemiología y la práctica médica. Se trata de la conferencia dictada el 16 de diciembre de 1988, en el marco de la apertura del seminario “Epidemiología clínica: ¿campo científico posible o nueva ideología médica?”, organizado por el Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Esta versión ha sido desgrabada y transcripta manualmente, revisada y, en muchos casos, reescrita por Naomar de Almeida Filho y Jose Ricardo Ayres, buscando siempre preservar el sentido original y el tono coloquial característico de sus conferencias.

ABSTRACT In this unpublished work by Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, a key figure in the field of collective health, the relationship between epidemiology and medical practice is considered. The text is based on an inaugural lecture delivered on December 16, 1988 as part of a seminar called “Clinical epidemiology: possible scientific field or new medical ideology?” organized by the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Brazil. This manually transcribed version of the lecture was prepared, revised, and in many cases rewritten by Naomar de Almeida Filho and Jose Ricardo Ayres, who always sought to preserve the original meaning and colloquial tone that was characteristic of his lectures.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BRAZIL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. Due to the tremendous technological potential and applicability in various industry branches, nanotechnology investments have been increasing over the years. In particular, the control of microorganisms using nanomaterials with antimicrobial action has aroused great interest in the industry. This control makes it necessary in the most diverse situations, such as food conservation, pharmaceutical industry, hospital environments, and even domestic and commercial environments. This extraordinary interest is due, in particular, to the physical-chemical characteristics of materials on a nanoscale that attributes greater efficiency in combating microorganisms. Therefore, researchers and entrepreneurs have directed investments and efforts towards developing new products and/or new applications for antimicrobial products already existing on the market. In this work, we made a brief presentation of the history of nanotechnology in Brazil with a focus on Brazilian companies that developed products or services with nanomaterials with antimicrobial action, and on the description of some of the existing applications in the Brazilian market, highlighting the productive potential of the parents.

Resumo Comunidades rurais são geralmente cobertas de forma precária por serviços básicos, incluindo serviços de abastecimento de água (SAAs). Neste contexto, a gestão comunitária da água é uma alternativa promissora para tratar essa questão, com muitos casos de sucesso pelo mundo. Essa abordagem também contribui para atingir o ODS (Objetivo do Desenvolvimento Sustentável) 6, que pretende universalizar o acesso à água. Este artigo visa avaliar os serviços de abastecimento de água prestados por onze organizações comunitárias do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Todas as comunidades participam do programa de saneamento “Pró-Rural” criado pela Cesan (Companhia Espiritosantense de Saneamento), a concessionária de água do estado, a fim de alcançar comunidades rurais de pequeno porte. Para isso, o Siasar foi utilizado, uma ferramenta de informação que permite a identificação de elementos nos sistemas de abastecimento de água rurais (SAARs) que melhoram ou fragilizam a sua performance. Como resultado, foi verificado que as comunidades eram capazes de manter um nível satisfatório de qualidade dos SAAs, entretanto havia fragilidades relacionadas a atores internos (comunidades e prestadores de serviço) e externos (prestadores de assistência técnica), que podem reduzir a qualidade do SAA ou até mesmo levar a sua interrupção caso não tratadas.

Abstract Rural communities usually are poorly covered by basic services, including water supply services (WSSs). Within this context, community management of water is a promising alternative to address this issue, with many successes all over the world. This approach also contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which intends to universalize water access. This paper evaluates the WSSs provided by eleven rural community organizations from Espírito Santo, Brazil. All of those participate in the sanitation program “Pró-Rural” created by Cesan (Companhia Espiritosantense de Saneamento), the state water concessionaire, to reach small-sized rural settlements. For this purpose, Siasar was used, an informational tool that enables the identification of elements in the rural water supply systems (RWSSs) that can enhance or hinder their performance. The results verified that the communities were able to maintain a satisfactory level of quality of the WSSs, although there were perceptible fragilities regarding the distance between internal (communities and service providers) and external (technical assistance providers) actors that can decrease the quality of the WSS or even lead to its interruption if not addressed.

RESUMO Vários países desenvolveram ferramentas com critérios e avaliações para garantir um empreendimento mais sustentável, com qualidade e produtividade para seus usuários, por meio de certificação ambiental. As ferramentas foram desenvolvidas para diferentes necessidades e objetivos, o que dificulta a comparação direta, além de haver demandas específicas para cada região. Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma análise comparativa entre algumas ferramentas de maior conhecimento internacional e propor novos parâmetros para a categoria de uso e gestão da água, levando em conta a fase de projeto e operação, a distribuição de água e as demandas para 2025. Consequentemente, este estudo propôs a criação de uma ferramenta ambiental exclusiva para a gestão e o uso da água, proporcionando um selo que pode ser aplicado a qualquer projeto e adotado pelas concessionárias de água como incentivo para reduzir o consumo de água potável, usar fontes alternativas e diminuir os efluentes líquidos.

ABSTRACT Several countries have developed tools with criteria and evaluations to grant, through the environmental certification, a more sustainable undertaking, with quality and productivity for its users. The tools were developed for different needs and objectives, which makes it difficult to make a direct comparison, in addition to having specific demands for each region. This study aims to make a comparative analysis between some tools of greater international knowledge and to propose new parameters for the water use and management category, taking into account the design and operational phase, the water distribution, and the demands for 2025. Consequently, this study proposed the creation of an exclusive environmental tool for the management and water use, providing a seal that may be applied to any project and adopted by water work systems as an incentive to reduce the consumption of drinking water, to use alternative sources, and to decrease liquid effluents.

Resumo Objetivo Lesões osteocondrais focais do joelho são encontradas em dois terços dos pacientes submetidos a artroscopia; seu tratamento, quando isoladas e, principalmente, em indivíduos jovens, ainda é debatido. O presente estudo analisa os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da técnica de mosaicoplastia no tratamento de lesões osteocondrais isoladas do côndilo femoral do joelho. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos à mosaicoplastia e análise subjetiva com pontuações do International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC, na sigla em inglês) antes e após a cirurgia. Resultados Um total de 13 casos, com média de idade de 34 anos; pacientes do sexo masculino (n = 4; 31%) apresentaram média de idade de 23 anos (17-31 anos), e pacientes do sexo feminino (n = 9; 69%) apresentaram média de 39 anos; (16-56 anos); femoral medial ou lateral (n = 11, 85% versus n = 2, 15%, respectivamente); o tamanho médio da lesão foi de 1,8 cm2 (0,6-4 cm); o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 5,045 ± 3,47 anos (1,15-11,01 anos). A pontuação IKDC média préoperatória foi 31,63 pontos ( ± 20,24), e a pós-operatória foi 74,18 pontos ( ± 20,26). A diferença entre as pontuações IKDC obtidas depois e antes da cirurgia foi de 42,55 ( ± 21,05) pontos, com o aumento mínimo de 8,1 pontos e o aumento máximo de 82,8 pontos. Uma diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,001) foi encontrada entre a pontuação IKDC antes e após a cirurgia. Uma relação estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,038) foi observada entre o aumento da pontuação IKDC (a diferença entre a pontuação pré- e pós-operatória) e as dimensões da lesão. Conclusões A mosaicoplastia com transferência de autoenxerto osteocondral, quando adequadamente usada, pode produzir resultados excelentes com grande durabilidade e impacto funcional, baixas taxas de morbidade e baixos custos. A expansão dos critérios de indicação mostra resultados promissores no médio e longo prazo.

Abstract Objective Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are found in two thirds of patients undergoing arthroscopy; their treatment, when isolated and especially in young individuals, remains a debating topic. The present study analyzes the results obtained by the application of the mosaicplasty technique on the treatment of isolated knee femoral condyle osteochondral lesions. Methods Retrospective study of patients submitted tomosaicplasty and to subjective analyseswith pre- and postsurgery International KneeDocumentation Committee (IKDC) scores. Results A total of 13 cases with an average age of 34 years old, with male patients (n = 4; 31%) with an average age of 23 years old (range: 17-31 years old), and female patients (n = 9; 69%) with an average age of 39 years old (range: 16-56 years old); medial versus lateral femoral (n = 11; 85% versus n = 2; 15%); the average size of the lesion was 1.8 cm2 (range: 0.6-4 cm2); average follow-up time: 5.045 ± 3.47 years (range: 1.15-11.01 years). The average preoperative IKDC score was of 31.63 points (± 20.24), the average postoperative IKDC score was of 74.18 points (± 20.26). The difference between the post- and preoperative IKDC scores was of 42.55 (± 21.05) points, being theminimal score increase of 8.1 points andthemaximumscore increaseof82.8 points.Astatistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the IKDC scores before and after the surgery. A statistically significant relation (p = 0.038) was found between the IKDC score increase (the difference between the postoperative and the preoperative scores) and the dimension of the lesion. Conclusions Mosaicplasty with osteochondral autograft transfer, when adequately used, can produce excellent results with great durability and functional impact, low morbidity rates and costs. Expansion of the indication criteria shows promising midterm and long-term results.

RESUMO Introdução: Este artigo trata do financiamento de campanhas no Brasil. Embora não faltem evidências de que as arrecadações de campanha estão associadas ao sucesso eleitoral, pouco se sabe sobre o quanto a intenção de voto pode afetar o montante arrecadado pelos candidatos. Nosso objetivo é investigar este fenômeno. Materiais e Métodos: A análise empírica foi realizada com dados de prestações de contas eleitorais dos 134 candidatos ao Senado Federal em 2014 e com resultados de pesquisas de intenção de voto do instituto IBOPE. Utilizamos como ferramentas de análise estatísticas descritivas e regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: Os resultados atestam o impacto positivo das intenções de voto aferidas nas sondagens pré-eleitorais e do apoio do governador sobre as arrecadações totais. Já ser mandatário e candidato à reeleição (incumbency) foi um fator ineficaz para a explicação de quase todas as receitas. Discussão: Em virtude da associação encontrada entre intenção de voto e financiamento eleitoral, alertamos para a necessidade de considerar a existência de endogenia na relação entre dinheiro e voto nas disputas majoritárias, visto que as variáveis são mutuamente afetadas. Além disso, sugerimos que a relação entre viabilidade do candidato e financiamento eleitoral reafirma a ideia de que os doadores agem de maneira estratégica ao definir quais candidatos devem apoiar. Nesse sentido, doadores optam por candidaturas viáveis que contam com apoios políticos relevantes e oferecem, assim, menos riscos de derrota.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The article is on campaign financing in Brazil. Although there is no lack of evidence corroborating the association between campaign fund raising and electoral success, little is known about how much the intention to vote can affect the amount of resources gathered by the candidate. Our purpose is to investigate this subject. Materials and Methods: Empirical analyses was carried out based on data on electoral accountability from 134 candidates to Federal Senate in 2014 and on polling research made by IBOPE. As analytical tools, we use descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Results: The results attest to the positive impact of the voting intentions obtained in the pre-electoral polls and the support of the governor on the total amount raised. Being an incumbent, on its turn, was ineffective in explaining almost all the funding. Discussion: Due to the association found between the intention to vote and electoral financing, we warn of the need to consider the existence of endogeneity in the relationship between money and voting in the majority elections, since the variables are mutually affected. In addition, we suggest that the relationship between candidate viability and electoral funding reaffirms the idea that donors act strategically in defining which candidates to support. In this sense, donors choose viable candidacies that have relevant political support and thus offer less risk of defeat.

ABSTRACT. Orange rust caused by the fungus Puccinia kuehnii greatly affects sugarcane and causes millions of tons of losses in production. This condition was first reported in Brazil at the end of 2009. The disease is currently present in most of the countries that produce this crop. The aim of this research was to develop risk maps of P. kuehnii infection using temperature and relative humidity data, provided by 389 automatic weather stations throughout the country. A spatial distribution analysis was carried out to assess the number of daily hours of favorable conditions for spore germination in each region. In the central-south region, where the main sugarcane producing states are concentrated, two distinct periods were observed during the three years studied. Higher favorability occurred from October to April, and lower favorability occurred from May to September. The opposite relation was observed on the coast of the north-eastern region, where conditions were more favorable to the disease from May to September. The validation data were confirmed by the results of Pearson’s correlation between sugarcane orange rust infection under field conditions and the proposed maps. In conclusion, risk maps obtained using data from automatic weather stations could contribute to the monitoring of the risk of infection by sugarcane orange rust.

Abstract We report the case of a 32-year-old man from Rio de Janeiro, who was infected in the Amazon region of Brazil by Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi. Generally, patients with L. naiffi cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibit a good therapeutic response to either pentavalent antimonials or pentamidine. However, after pentamidine treatment, this patient’s infection evolved to therapeutic failure. To understand this clinical outcome, we investigated the presence of the Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in parasites isolated from the cutaneous lesion; herein, we discuss the possible association between a poor response to pentamidine therapy and the presence of the LRV.